INTRODUCTION
TO AUDIO VISUAL AIDS IN EDUCATION
Prepared by
SABARISH-P
M.Sc., M.Ed.,NET
Lecturer in Physical Science, Arafa Institute for Teacher Education
Attur, Thrissur.
INTRODUCTION:
An education system is
explicitly based on the quest “what to teach” and “how to teach”. What to teach means learning material and how
to teach implies teaching methodology. The quality of education largely depends
upon the quality of teachers and the teaching learning resources available for
the system.Today’s students are learning facts,skills and attitudes from pictures ,television,recorded
words,programmed lessons and other media.Once technology enters the school
building ,dramatic renovations usually begin.With the technological magic
touch,a simple school house turns in to a systemized learning centre.In the
instances where the student is the centre of attention,technology is catalyst
for educational change.Media is the means for transmitting messages.Media
includes such things as prints,graphics,photography,audio
communication,television,simulating games and computer.
HISTORY:
Desiderious
Erasmus(1466-1536) advocated that
children should learn through the aid of pictures.
John
Comenius(1592-1670) prepared a book
‘Orbis Sensulium Pictus’ (The world of sense organs) containing 150 pictures on aspects of every
day life.
Rousseau
(1712-1778) condemned the use of
words and stressed ‘things’.
Pestalozzi
(1756-1827) in his object method based instruction on sense perception.
Nelson
.I.Green used the term ‘visual
education’ in 1926.
Eric
Ashby(1967) identified four revolutions in education:education from home to
school,written word as tool of education,invention of printing and use of books
and lastly in the fourth revolution in the use of electronic media.
DEFINITIONS:
BURTON: “audio visual aids are those sensory objects or images which initiate or stimulate and
reinforce learning”.
KINDER,S.JAMES: “ Audio-Visual Aids are any device which can
be used to make the learning experience more concrete, more realistic and more dynamic”.
EDGER DALE: “Audio-Visual Aids are those devices by the use of. which
communications of ideas between persons and groups in various teaching and
training situations is helped. These are also termed as multi sensory
materials”
THE
PSYCHOLOGY OF USING AUDIO VISUAL AIDS:
Interest in the role of the senses in learning was already there in
educational circles when instructional media began their ascendancy.Research
done by Cobun(1968) indicated that
1% of what is learned is
from the sense of TASTE.
1.5% of what is learned is
from the sense of TOUCH.
3.5% of what is learned is
from the sense of SMELL.
11% of what is learned is
from the sense of HEARING.
83% of what is
learned is from the sense of SIGHT.
Also people generally remember
10% of what they READ.
20% of what they HEAR.
30% of what they SEE.
50% of what they HEAR AND
SEE.
70% of what they SAY.
90% of what they SAY as they
DO a thing
POPULAR
SAYINGS ON AUDIO VISUAL AIDS
I hear,I forget.
I see ,I remember.
I do, I understand.
MEANING AND
SIGNIFICANCE OF AUDIO VISUAL AIDS
Audio
visual aids are devices that help the teacher to clarify,establish,corelate and
co-ordinate accurate concepts,interpretations and appreciations and enable him
to make learning more concrete,effective,interesting,inspirational,meaningful
and vivid.They help in promoting the triangular process in learning ie
motivation,clarification and stimulation.The aids are the stimuli for learning
‘why’,’how’,’when’ and ‘where’.
According to
Gandhiji “true education of an
intellect can only come through a proper
exercise and training of bodily organs
- hands,feet,eyes,ears and nose.
Kothari
Commission(1964-66) observed that it should indeed bring about an ‘educational
revolution’ in the country.The supply of teaching aids to every school was
essential for the improvement of the quality of teaching.
The National
Policy on Education ,1986 and as modified in 1992 has stress on the use of
teaching aid to make teaching learning more effective and realistic.
IMPORTANT
VALUES:
1.Best
Motivator : They are the best motivator. The students works with more
zeal & interest.
2.Clear
Image : Clear image takes place when we, touch, handle, experience it.
3. Variety :
"mere Chalk & Talk" do not help. Audio –Visual Aids gives
variety & provides different tools in ht hand of teacher.
4. Freedom :
When Audio –Visual Aids are employed, there is a great scope for children to
move about talk, laugh & comment upon. Under such atmosphere the
students work because they want to work, & not because the teacher wants
tem to wotk.
5.
Opportunities to Handle : many students always get a chance to handle the aids.
6. Helpful
in Attracting the Attention : Attention is the true factor in any process of
learning & teaching Audio – Video Aids helps the teacher in providing
proper environment for capturing as well as sustaining the attention and
interest of the students in class room.
7. Savings
in Energy & Time : Due to effective implementation of "principle of
Presentation", a good deal of energy & time of both the teacher &
students can be saved.
8. Realism :
The Audio –Visual Aids gives the real touch to the learning situation.
9.
Encouragement to healthy class room interaction : Audio-visual aids through
variety of stimuli, motivational, provisional of active participation of
students, a good experience always encourage healthy class interaction between
teacher and the learners.
10.Scope of
education as a mass scale : The audio-Visual aids like radio, tape,
television etc always plays role in spreading mass education.
11. Positive
environment for creative discipline : A balanced, rational, scientific use of
Audio – Visual Aids develops , motivate, experience, attract the attention of
the students and provides a variety of creative outlets for the utilization of
their tremendous energy & keeps them busy in class room work. This
overall classroom environment becomes conductive to creative discipline.
12. Antidote to the disease of verbal
instruction: They help to reduce verbalism.The over use of words can result in
serious problem such as verbalism and forgetting.
13.Meeting individual difference :The use of
variety of audio visual aids helps in meeting the needs of different types of
students.
14.Promotion of scientific temper: By observing demonstrations and phenomena the
cultivation of scientific temper developes.
15.Development
of higher faculties :Use of audio visual aids stirs the imagination ,thinking
process and reasoning power of the students ,and calls for creativity and
inventiveness and other higher mental activities on the parts of the students .
16.Reinforcement
to learners :Audio visual aids increases the probability of re occurance of the
responses associated with them.
CHARACTERISTICS
They should be
Ø large enough
to be properly seen by the students for whom they are meant
Ø motivate the
learners
Ø according to
the mental level of students
Ø easily
portable
Ø up to date
Ø cheap
Ø simple
Ø accurate in
every aspect
Ø meaningful
and purposeful
Ø improvised.
PRINCIPLES IN THE USE OF AUDIO VISUAL AIDS
For effective teaching to take
place a a good method must be adopted by the teacher . The teacher is
always free to choose effective audio visual aids in the class room. Of courses
there are also certain principles of Audio – Visual Aids in teaching methodology.
They are as follows:
Principle of
Selection
:
1. The age level
2. Other personality angles.
3.
They should have specific educational values
4.
They should help in the realization of learning desired objectives.
Principle of
Preparation :
1. As far as possible, the local material
should be used in the preparation of aids.
2. The teacher also must receive training in the preparation of aids.
3. The teacher him/herself can prepare some
aids or can take help of students also.
Principle of
Physical Control :
This is concerned with the
arrangement of keeping aids safely and also to facilitate to their lending to
the teachers for se.
Principle of
Proper Presentation :
1. Teacher should carefully
visualize the use of teaching aids before their actual presentation.
2. They should be well acquainted themselves with the use &
manipulation of the aids to be shown in the class room.
3. The aids should be displayed properly. So that, all the students can
see it, observe it, and can derive maximum benefits from it.
Principle of Response :
This is the important
principle. This tells the teacher guide the students to respond actively
to the audio visual stimulus so that they derive the maximum benefits in
learning.
Principle of
Evaluation
:
This Principle stipulates that there should be
continuous evaluation of Audio Visual Aids materials & accompanying
techniques in the light of desired objectives.
ADVANTAGES
1. The teachers are forced to meet the
demands of a changing civilization
2. New means and devices to increase the
effectiveness of teaching
3. Audio visual devices are instructional devices
which can be heard as well as seen
.4. to make teaching more concrete by
employing suitable audio-visual aids
.5. A-V aids do render exceptional, specific
and irreplaceable service to education
6. The
mental reaction of the pupils to audio-visual experience is both intellectual
and emotional.
7. 86 % of our sense knowledge is attained
through seeing and hearing and hence is the use of audio- visual aids
8. A-V Aids provide first hand experience to
the children and hence the learning becomes interesting real and durable.
9. A-V Aids help the learner to grasp quickly
and retain the experience so received longer.
10. They make a lasting impression on the
minds of the learner
11. “one picture is worth athousand
words” They make learning
realistic, permanent, natural and easy
Functions of A-V aids
12. They supply a concrete basis for
conceptual thinking and hence, reduce meaningless word response of students.
13. They have high degree of interest for
students
14. They make learning more permanent
15. They offer a reality of experience which
stimulate self activity on the part of pupil.
DISADVANTAGES:
1.apathy of the teachers
Teachers must be convinced
that teaching with words alone is ineffective.
2.Indifference of students
If the use is without a
definite purpose they lose their significance and and importance.
3.Ineffectiveness of the aids
Without proper
planning,preparation,presentation,evaluation etc the aids do not prove their full
effectiveness.
4.Financial hurdles
The lack of finances not
enable the audio visual aids to do their best
5.Absence
of electricity
Most of the
projectors,radio and TV cannot work without the electric current
6.Lack of facilities for training
There must be provision to
train teachers and workers in the use of these aids.
7.Co-ordination between centre and state.
Good film
libraries,museums,of audio visual education ,fixed and mobile exibitions and educational melas should be organized
both in central and states.
8.Language difficulty
Most educational films
are in english.We should have these in other important indian languages.
9.Not
catering to local needs
Little attention is paid
in the production of audio visual aids
to the local sociological,psychological and pedagogical factors.
10.Improper selection of aids
Films are not selected
according to the class room needs.
MULTIMEDIA
Multimedia means
that computer information can be represented through audio, video, and
animation in addition to traditional media (i.e., text, graphics drawings,
images).
Definition:
Multimedia uses computers
to present text, audio, video, animation, interactive features, and still
images in various ways and combinations made possible through the advancement
of technology. By combining media and content, those interested in multimedia
can take on and work with a variety of media forms to get their content across.
This is an exciting new field for those interested in computers, technology,
and creative career options. Multimedia can be accessed through computers or
electronic devices and integrates the various forms together. One example of
multimedia would be combining a website with video, audio, or text images.
Multimedia is
the field concerned with the computer-controlled integration of text, graphics,
drawings, still and moving images (Video), animation, audio, and any other
media where every type of information can be represented, stored, transmitted
and processed digitally.
A Multimedia Application
is an Application which uses a collection of multiple media sources e.g. text,
graphics, images, sound/audio, animation and/or video.
Hypermedia can be considered as one of
the multimedia applications..
Multimedia
approach
·
uses a number of media, devices, techniques in the teaching
learning process.
·
convey vast information and provide many sources from which
student can access the information.
·
improve the teaching learning process. Multimedia approach is not
restricted to a single type of learning style.
·
provide the support of a wide range of activities.
·
aims at providing meaningful learning experience via a mix of
media in order to achieve predetermined objectives.
·
provides the opportunity to gain mastery of competencies and
skills. The choice of the media has to be done carefully so that one does not
hamper or reduce the effect of the other. That is each media must complement
the other.
·
enable the learner to get access to information in dynamic environment.
Procedure for
Adopting Multimedia Approach
The following are the six
steps to be followed while adopting the Multimedia Approach
First Stage
In this stage the teacher initiates the
teaching – learning activities.Teacher deliver a well prepared lesson based on
the objectives formulated. Teacher could use a variety of media for his
presentation.
Second Stage
Teacher demonstrates a specific and
specialized unit using a mix of media. The teacher may provide learner with programmed
learning materials, cassettes, CD's etc.
Third Stage
This is a preparatory stage for the learner
before he stars independent learning. The student discusses with peer students
and teachers his plan of action.
Forth Stage
In this stage the learner actively
participates. He uses variety of media and materials in his self-study.
Fifth Stage
In this stage the learner integrates theory
and practice.
Sixth Stage
In this stage learner finds that teaching –
learning activities have to be organized on a higher level. The student
involved in critical analysis, critical evaluation and exchange of ideas.
Role of
Teacher in Multimedia Approach
Teacher has to adopt a number of methods and
techniques.
Teacher has to aware of the different
available media and their availability.
Teacher should be physically competent to use
and demonstrate the use of the different media. Teacher should be skillful
enough to make a judicious choice of media and competent enough to mix them
sequentially and in an orderly manner. Teacher's role is that of a facilitator
or manager of activities. Teacher has to lead his student for independent,
individualized learning.Prerequisites for developing a Multimedia Instructional
device
Advantages
of the multimedia Approach
Multimedia approach enable the student to
represent information using several different media.
Ø Can arouse
the curiosity among the learner and provide them vivid impressions.
Ø Multimedia
can take into account different learning styles – some pupil learn by
interpreting text, while others require more graphical representations.
Ø Can develop
a positive attitude among the learners towards the teaching-learning process.
Ø Multimedia
Approach allows for self-pacing
Ø Technique of
simulation can be effectively applied through the multimedia approach.
Ø Helps in
development of higher order thinking skills.
Ø Multimedia
approach provides the student the flexibility of 'any where', 'any time'
learning.
Ø Helps in
developing group and interpersonal skills.
Ø Effective
remediation programmes can be implemented through the multimedia approach.
Ø Multimedia
approach can bridge language barriers since audio is not the only means of
communication.
Disadvantages of multimedia:
Ø
Expensive
Ø Not always easy to configure
Ø Requires special
hardware
Ø Not always
compatible
Ø Lost in ‘cyber
space’
Ø Time consuming
Ø Cognitive overload
Ø Non interactive
–if one way ,no feedback.
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APPLICATIONS
1.Creative
industries
Creative industries use
multimedia for a variety of purposes ranging from fine arts, to entertainment,
to commercial art, to journalism, to media and software services provided for
any of the industries listed below. An
individual multimedia designer may cover the spectrum throughout their career.
Request for their skills range from technical, to analytical and to creative.
2.Commercial
Much of the electronic old
and new media utilized by commercial artists is multimedia. Exciting
presentations are used to grab and keep attention in advertising. Industrial,
business to business, and interoffice communications are often developed by
creative services firms for advanced multimedia presentations beyond simple
slide shows to sell ideas or liven-up training.
Commercial multimedia developers may be hired to design for governmental
services and nonprofit services applications as well.
3.
Entertainment and Fine Arts
In addition, multimedia is heavily used in the
entertainment industry, especially to develop special effects in movies and
animations. Multimedia games are a
popular pastime and are software programs available either as CD-ROMs or
online. Some video games also use
multimedia features. Multimedia applications that allow users to actively
participate instead of just sitting by as passive recipients of information are
called Interactive Multimedia.
4.
Education
In Education, multimedia is used to
produce computer-based training courses (popularly called CBTs) and reference books
like encyclopedia and almanacs. A CBT
lets the user go through a series of presentations, text about a particular
topic, and associated illustrations in various information formats. Edutainment is an informal term used to
describe combining education with entertainment, especially multimedia
entertainment.
5.
Engineering
Software engineers may use
multimedia in Computer Simulations for anything from entertainment to training
such as military or industrial training.
Multimedia for software interfaces are often done as collaboration
between creative professionals and software engineers. www.eshikshak.co.in
6.
Industry
In the Industrial sector,
multimedia is used as a way to help present information to shareholders,
superiors and coworkers. Multimedia is also helpful for providing employee
training, advertising and selling products all over the world via virtually
unlimited web-based technologies. www.eshikshak.co.in
7.
Mathematical and Scientific Research
In Mathematical and Scientific
Research, multimedia is mainly used for modeling and simulation. For example, a scientist can look at a
molecular model of a particular substance and manipulate it to arrive at a new
substance.
8.Medicine
In
Medicine, doctors can get trained by looking at a virtual surgery or they can
simulate how the human body is affected by diseases spread by viruses and
bacteria and then develop techniques to prevent it.
9.Multimedia in Public Places
In hotels, railway stations, shopping malls,
museums, and grocery stores, multimedia will become available at stand-alone
terminals or kiosks to provide information and help. Such installation reduce demand on
traditional information booths and personnel, add value, and they can work
around the clock, even in the middle of the night, when live help is off duty.
INSTRUCTIONAL KITS OR MEDIA PACKAGES:
Good kits are really packages mini systems. They usually contain a variety of
sytematically related materials and may include motion picture or film loops;
slides or filmstrips; disc or cassette tapes;phodtographic pictures,
specimens,models either commercially prepared or umprovised; apparatus guide
sheets, programmed materials and testing materials for the teachers and
students for the topic or unit. Although
the kits provide necessary ready-made materials for the teachers, the teachers
must always be on the lookout to select a variety of materials for conveying
information suidtable to each learner.
If necessary he must revised tdhe materials or device his own to suit
his classroom setting. Multimedia
packages may contain all resources needed to provide learning in a specific area. The use of instructional material included in
the package is carefully planned to promote the desired learning outcomes and
to realize the set objectives. The
materials are evaluated and vlidated for their effectiveness in their specific
use in the classroom. The use of
different resources is made by the teacher in an integrated way so that
reinforces the other.
MULTIMEDIA PACKAGES:
There are many multimedia packages where a teacher’s for as a presenter
of information or giver of feedback is taken over by some inanimate media. Eg:-Programmed learning materials,books,films
etc. But there are certain functions of
a good teacher like initiating the learning process, motivating the
learning,guiding him wherever necessary to change the package etc. Which are difficult for the inanimate midia
to take over. Some sophisticated
computer assisted instruction programmes go a long way in taking up these
functions as well. Some of these
functions are carried out by the learner himself either independently or with
the help of the peer.
TEACHER’S ROLE:
Gradually a teacher’s role will
be more than that of designed multimedia packages rather than that of a
delivery man the delivery function being
taken by many media or peer groups.
1.
Teacher
has to adopt a number of methods and techniques to answer demonsterating,
problem solving, analytic-synthetic,depending up on demands of
teaching-learning situation.
2.
Teacher
has to learn the use of application of different media ,select and utilize them
in proper combination for the attainment of objectives in a particular
situation.
3.
Teacher’s
role is shifted from a direct communication of information to that of guiding
student learning and make students active participant in the learning process.
4.
The
teacher has to lead student’s to independent individualized learning with use
of T.V lesson,CAI,teaching machine etc
5.
Teacher
should practice theory in to action and practical use in day to day life
planning and organizing field works,laboratory and work shop activities etc.
CONCLUSION:
Audio visual aids are an
important tool for teachers to use and enhance the education of their
students.There are a variety of audio visual aids that can be used in the
classroom.It is important to use a variety of teaching methods to teach all
students with their varying learning preferences.Also be sure to only utilize
audio visual aids which will not distract from student’s learning
experiences.There are many modes of instruction which requires use of many media.Teachers ,pupil and software
designers have responsibility for developing multimedia information in handling skills.
